You can do a lot using CSS with regards to coloring your tables. However, that do require for CSS snippets to be made, and if using the cssclasses property it’ll apply for all tables within a note where that is set to the correct class. Or it could be made to apply for all tables in your entire vault.
In pure markdown, you don’t have any options to color cells, rows and/or columns in a table, besides possibly resorting to inserting html tags to color some of text in a cell.
Lastly, if you introduce extra text into some of the cells, you’re able with some of the newer CSS selectors to target bits and pieces of the tables more elegantly. The answer below showcases one where the table has been altered, and some of the cells are highlighted.