On the desktop/laptop, you could try toggling off a few of those settings, restarting, and then toggling them back on. Then install a new community plugin or make a settings change to an existing one to see what the sync log says (it should show things being uploaded to the remote vault).
Once you confirm things (plugins, themes, settings changes, etc.) are being uploaded to the remote vault, you can then move on to mobile to see what’s going on with the sync log there.
That’s what I would do. Before you start, make a backup of your .obsidian settings folder on desktop just to be safe.