I don’t see why this should be a bug in the first place. This seems to be normal LaTeX behaviour to me. If you type
$$
\wedge = \text{and} \\
\lor = \text{or} \\
\lnot = \text{not}
$$
into a LaTeX document, you get the same result that you get in Obsidian – everything is on a single line. If you want to have multiple lines you have to use \displaylines{...} as Licat says (or \begin{gathered}... \end{gathered}). If you want to have the equations to align, then you need to use the aligned environment instead:
$$
\begin{aligned}
\wedge &= \text{and} \\
\lor &= \text{or} \\
\lnot &= \text{not}
\end{aligned}
$$