It seems like this should be doable but I’m not sure it is (at least not as easily as it should be).
The Files app doesn’t offer a way to copy a file’s path like Finder does.
I believe you can copy a link from the web version of iCloud, but I think that it will send you to the web instead of to the local copy of the file, plus it’s not compatible with Advanced Data Protection.
I think you can make a shortcut in Shortcuts that will open a file, and then put a shortcuts:// URL in the note to run it (I don’t remember how to get those URLs but the web can tell you). If you want it to work on multiple devices you may need to account for that in the shortcut, tho Shortcuts may handle it automatically (it does for Documents and On My IPad, so I’d hope it would for iCloud, but I don’t know). This is a convoluted method to do something that should be simpler, but maybe better than nothing. .